Signals and SystemsThe Analysis and Processing of CommunicationWaveforms
1 The Analysis and Synthesis of Waveforms
1.1 The Sinusoid
1.2 Operations with Sinusoids
1.3 The Periodic Waveform
1.4 Orthogonality
1.5 Fourier Series Analysis in Terms of Sinusoids
1.6 Fourier Analysis of a Rectangular-pulse Train
1.7 Fourier Series Analysis in Terms of Cisoids
1.8 Properties of Generalised Fourier Series
1.9 The Analysis of Aperiodic Waveforms
1.10 The Fourier Transform
1.11 Properties of Fourier Transforms
1.12 The Application of Fourier Transforms
1.13 The Delta Function
1.14 The Use of the Fourier Transform in Spectral Analysis
1.15 The Line Spectrum of Periodic Functions
1.16 Linear Filtering
1.17 Ideal Filters
1.18 Transfer Function of Practical Electronic Filters
1.19 Energy Density and Power Density Spectra
1.20 Energy Spectral Density of Finite Energy Pulses
1.21 Energy Spectral Density of the Delta Function
1.22 Power Spectral Density of Finite Power Periodic Functions
1.23 Power Spectral Density of Finite Power Aperiodic Functions
1.24 Cross- and Autocorrelation Functions and Correlation Coefficient
1.25 Use of Autocorrelation Function in Determining Power Spectra
1.26 Use of Autocorrelation Function in Determining Energy Spectra
1.27 Calculation and Use of the Auto-correlation Function
1.28 Fourier Transforms: A Credibility Gap?
2 The Information Source and Communication Channel
2.1 The Primary Information Source
2.2 The General Properties of Communication Channels
2.3 Electromagnetic Propagation Through the Atmosphere
2.4 The Transmission Line as a Communication Medium
2.5 The Physics of Line Operation
2.6 The Terminated Line
2.7 The 'Lossless' Line
2.8 Multicore Telephone Cable
2.9 The Distortionless Line
2.10 Coaxial Cable
2.11 Repeaters and Equalisers
2.12 Optical Communications
2.13 Modulators
2.14 Sinusoidal Modulation
3 Envelope Modulation
3.1 Product Modulation
3.2 The Detection of Product Modulated Waves
3.3 Conventional Amplitude Modulation
3.4 Band Occupancy of Conventional AM
3.5 Transmission Efficiency in Envelope Modulation
3.6 Conventional Am and the Sinusoidal Test Signal
3.7 System Implementation: Modulators
3.8 System Implementation: Demodulators
3.9 Effect of Noise in the Detection of Envelope Modulated Waves
3.10 Signal-to-noise Ratio at the Output of the Product Demodulator
3.11 Signal-to-noise Ratio at the Output of the Envelope Detector
4 Angle Modulation
4.1 The General Angle-modulated Sinusoid
4.2 The Problem of Spectral Analysis
4.3 A Quasi-linear Spectral Analysis
4.4 A Quasi-static Spectral Analysis
4.5 Band Occupancy of Angle-modulated Waves
4.6 The Sinusoidal Test Signal
4.7 System Implementation: Modulators
4.8 System Implementation: Demodulators
4.9 Noise Analysis: Frequency Modulation
4.10 Noise Analysis: Phase and Pre-emphasised Frequency Modulation
4.11 The Threshold and its Importance in System Design
5 Composite Modulation
5.1 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
5.2 Single-sideband Modulation
5.3 The Detection of Single-sideband Modulation
5.4 Asymmetric- and Vestigial-sideband Modulation
5.5 Independent-sideband Modulation
5.6 Noise in Single-sideband Detection
5.7 Baseband-equivalent Modulation Processes
5.8 Applications of Composite Modulation
6 Sampling and Pulse Code Modulation
6.1 The Sampling Principle
6.2 The Sampler
6.3 The Sample and Hold Operation
6.4 Quantisation and Coding
6.5 Quantisation Noise
6.6 Coding for Technological Convenience
6.7 Pulse Code Modulation
6.8 Digital-to-analogue Conversion
6.9 Feedback Analogue-to-digital Conversion
6.10 Symmetrical Binary Code
6.11 Non-uniform Quantiser Law
6.12 Differential PCM and Predictive Encoding
6.13 Delta Modulation Systems
6.14 The CODEC
7 Coding for Error Protection and Security
7.1 The Principles of Error Protection
7.2 Modulo-2 Arithmetic
7.3 Elementary Block Coding and Decoding
7.4 Cyclic Block Codes
7.5 Decoding Cyclic Codes
7.6 Polynomial Codes
7.7 Maximal Length Shift Register Sequences
7.8 Convolution or Recurrent Codes
7.9 Encryptipn Systems
7.10 Protection of Voice Communication
7.11 Spread Spectrum Communication Systems
8 The Transmission of Digital Signals
8.1 Band Occupancy of Random Digital Data
8.2 Code Conversion to Aid Transmission
8.3 Pre-transmission and Pre-detection Filtering
8.4 Partial Response Signalling
8.5 Eye Patterns
8.6 Keying Techniques
8.7 Multilevel Keying Systems
8.8 Bandwidth Economical Keying Systems
8.9 Line Equalisation Techniques
8.10 Transmission Error Probability
8.11 Block Error Probability
8.12 Data Channel Throughput
9 The Integrated Services Digital Network
9.1 A Perspective on Telephony
9.2 Frequency Division Multiplex Telephony
9.3 Pulse Code Modulation Telephony
9.4 Telephone Circuit Switching
9.5 Telephony Signalling Procedures
9.6 Stored Program Control
9.7 SPC Software
9.8 Packet Switching
Appendix I: Fourier Transform Pairs
Appendix II: Mathematical Functions
Appendtx III: Noise Sources
Bibliography
Index